INTRODUCTION:

The geographical limitations selected for physico-chemical analysis is the Sugar factory named Dr. Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Ambulga- Zari, Ta. Nilanga,Dist. Latur selecting samples of effluents and the dug well, bore well of the nearby locality. The sugar factory effluents percolate and enter into the drinking water sources, may be in minor amounts but disturbing the drinking water quality. It is done by analyzing these through different parameters. The pH, BOD, COD, alkalinity, hardness, TDS and inorganic salts (cations and anions) were found differing from the standard values and thus disturb the hygiene and health of the people. No attention has been paid to towards this serious problem and hence this paper present the results of the study carried out during pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons of 2007-2008.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

The effluents and ground water samples (dug well, bore well) were collected in clean polythene bottles. Suspended matters of the water samples are removed by filtering through Whatman No. 42 before analysis.

The nitrates were estimated by phenoldisulphonic acid method. The standard methods were used for estimation of various physico-chemical parameters (Table 1). The analytical grade chemicals were used for all the analytical estimations.

The parameters like pH, EC, BOD, COD, hardness and free chlorine were analysed at sampling sites. The other parameters were analysed in the laboratory as per the standard method of water and waste water analysis (APHA– 1993). pH was measured using in pocket pH meter and conductivity by using portable conductivity bridge. The concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺ were analysed by flame photometer. The concentrations of SO₄^2- and No₃ ^–were measured using spectrophotometer. The other parameters were measured by standard value metric methods as per APHA (1985).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

The results of the present study are summarized in Table 2 with respect to effluents, dug well and bore well waters after the assessment of contamination in these. All the parameters were found within the permissible limits, for dug well and bore well water but in the case of effluents, most of the parameters were found above the permissible limits. pH of the factory effluents was found to be acidic. Its higher conductivity in pre monsoon season was recorded. It indicated the presence of ionic species. It is supported by very high values of total dissolved solids.

Table 1. Method emplyed for examination of physico – chemical parameters

Parametr	Method employed
pH	pH Metry
E.C.	Conductometry
Total dissolved solids	Conductometry
Chloride	Agrentometry
Alkalinity	Titrimetry
Hardness as calcium	EDTA titration
Mg	EDTA titration
Sulphate	Turbidometry
D.O., B. O. D.	Wrinkler’s method
COD	Reflux method
Mg²⁺	Flame photometry
SO4^2-	Calorimetry
NO3^-	Spectrophotomtry

Table 2. Reported values of different parameters of the samples of pre / post monsoon seasons of 2007 related to. Dr.Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar co-operative sugar factory Ltd.Ambulga-Zari, Ta. Nilanga,Dist. Latur

S. No.	Parameter	Dug well	Bore well	Effluent
1.	Temp	32.0/31.8	32.4 / 32.0	32.3 / 32.0
2.	pH	7.2 / 7.5	7.8 / 7.7	3.41 / 3.4
3.	Econd (mmho)	0.456 / 0.45	0.60 / 0.58	0.358 / 0.340
4.	TDS (mg/L)	39 / 37	59 / 57	36 / 34
5.	OH alkalinity (mg/L)	Nil	Nil	Nil
6	CO3^2- alkalinity (mg/L)	Nil	Nil	Nil
7	HCO₃ alkalinity (mg/L)	Nil	Nil	Nil
8.	Arsenic (mg/L)	500 / 400	500 / 400	300 / 200
9.	F^- (mg/L)	Nil	Nil	Nil
10.	D.O. (mg/L)	2.1 / 2.0	2.4 / 2.36	3.3 / 3.1
11.	C.O.D. (mg/L)	4750 / 7280	6700 / 6600	133000 13000
12.	Cl (mg/L)	26.8 / 24. 6	40.51 / 39.5	4250 / 4000
13	Total hardness (mg/L) as CaCO3	5.6 / 4.9	9.0 / 8.7	84 / 80
14	Calcium hardness (mg/L) as CaCO3	4.5 / 3.8	7.0 / 7.0	Nil
15.	Mg – hardness (mg/L) as CaCO3	1.1 / 1.1	2.0 / 1.7	83 / 80
16.	PO₄^3- (mg/L)	0.0007 /0.00069	0.00121 / 0.00111	0.00105 /0.009
17.	SO₄^2-(mg/L)	1.2 / 1.0	20 / 19	45 / 42
18	NO₃^- (mg/L)	Nil	Nil	10.09
19.	BOD (mg/L)	208 /200	100 / 100	1000 / 900

Table 3. Reported values of different parameters of the samples of pre / post monsoon seasons of 2008 related to Dr.Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar co-operative sugar factory Ltd.Ambulga-Zari, Ta. Nilanga,Dist. Latur.

S. No.	Parameter	Dug well	Bore well	Effluent
1.	Temp.	32.1 /32.1	32.3 / 32.0	32.2 / 32.0
2.	pH	7.3 / 7.5	7.8 / 7.7	3.42 / 3.39
3.	Econd (mmho)	0.450 /0.420	0.62 / 0.60	0.360 / 0.340
4.	TDS mg/L	38.9 / 38.7	58 / 58	370 / 355
5.	OH alkalinity (mg/L)	Nil	Nil	Nil
6.	CO₃^2- alkalinity (mg/L)	Nil	Nil	Nil
7.	HCO₃^-alkalinity (mg/L)	510 / 400	510 / 400	303 / 215
8.	Arsenic (mg/L)	Nil	Nil	Nil
9.	F^-- (mg/L)	Nil	Nil	Nil
10.	D.O. (mg/L)	2.1 / 2.1	2.3 / 2.2	3.30 / 3.21
11.	COD (mg/L)	7360 / 7350	6680 / 6675	132800/ 132750
12.	Cl^- (mg/L)	26.8 / 26.6	39.6 / 39.1	4245/ 4110
13.	Total hardness (mg/L) as CaCO₃	5.5 / 5.2	8.8 / 8.6	8.9/9.3
14.	Calcium Hardness (mg/L) as CaCO₃	4.2 / 4.0	8.1 / 8.0	8.7/8.9
15.	Mg – hardness (mg/L) as MgCO₃	1.35 / 1.10	0.82 / 0.07	1.38/1.28
16	PO₄^3- (mg/L)	0.0007/0.00069	0.0011/0.0011	0.0014/.0017
17.	SO₄^2- (mg/L)	1.2 / 1.0	2.2/2.3	2.6/2.7
18.	NO₃^- (mg/L)	Nil	Nil	Nil
19.	BOD (mg/L)	220/ 208	105 / 98	1045/1059

For the analysis of water samples the common and essential parameters like pH E.C., hardness, BOD, COD, DO, TDO, alkalinity, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺,Na⁺, K⁺ were selected as per drinking water specifications of BIS (1993) including the desired parameters to asses the contribution of ions in deciding quality of water.

Effluents also have high level of BOD, COD and chlorides. Very less concentration of DO has been reported in the dug well, bore well and effluents. The values of similar parameters for the dug well and bore well were found in the permissible limits. The higher values of the sulphate may be due to use of sulphuric acid (sulphur) as an intermediate raw materials for (mostly H₂SO₄), thereby coming in the drinking water as sulphate. The hardness of water is caused by presence of calcium magnesium. The carbonates and bicarbonates are responsible for alkalinity.

Most of the constituent parameter values of the post monsson samples of all three kinds of samples under study are lower than of the pre monsoon period. It may be due to the usage of inorganic fertilizers and biodegradable assists in the fields and rain water flowing through the soil of this area. Noticeably the COD, BOD and chloride content of the effluent of the concerned factory are higher in pre and post monsoon seasons as compared to the dug well and bore well waters during the same period. The overall investigation is meant to know the water quality of region because most of the water resources are for drinking, cleaning and irrigation purposes. The alkaline water of dug well and bore well are within the limits and the higher TDS and sulphate in bore well during pre and post monsoon seasons are of little concern.

The results obtained this investigation have communicated to the related and responsible community. The dug well, bore well waters are used for drinking purposes, which might have been contaminated (above and below the permissible limits). These results have been communicated to the residents of the Sugar factory quarters, nearby village Zari, Ambulaga, Anandwadi, Lambota and the possible adverse effects of the same to the authorities of concerned gram panchayat. The effluent analysis of the Sugar factory has been brought to the notice of the authorities of the sugar factory.

Recommendations have been made to take care of effluents. Theses may be purified at the site using effluent treatment plants by recycling unit. It is to be taken care of that the hazardous byproducts of the factory should not get enter in the drinking water resources (natural resources of dug wells and bore wells). The same results and recommendations have been sent to the Collectorate of Latur district. The utmost care has been taken of bringing this information the majority of the civilians that is farmers, students, and housewives.

CONCLUSION:

The dug well and bore well waters of the nearby locality of the sugar factory are not so much contaminated, except the presence of sulphate and hence, to make it more potable, some physcio-chemical methods can be applied. High levels of estimated values of the most of the parameters of the sugar factory effluents may be minimized by setting the effluent treatment plant and recycled unit at the factory site.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The author is grateful to the Management of Maharashtra Shikshan Samiti NIlanga, Principal, M.M. Nilanga, and departmental colleagues Shree P. Chandrashekhar and Shree S.G. Kulkarni for their help, valuable suggestions and discussions during this work.

REFERENCES:

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3. ICMR,(1975) Manual of Standards of Quality of Drinking Supplies, , Special Report Series NO. 44, ICMR. New Delhi .

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Received on 30.04.2010 Modified on 12.05.2010

Asian J. Research Chem. 3(4): Oct. - Dec. 2010; Page 919-921